Closing the gender gap 2.0

The company which did the report - Goldman Sachs

About the company - The Global Investment Research Division of Goldman Sachs produces and distributes research products for clients of Goldman Sachs on a global basis.

Analysts based in Goldman Sachs offices around the world produce equity research on industries and companies, and research on macroeconomics, currencies, commodities and portfolio strategy.

Name of the organization which did the survey - Global Markets Institute (the research think tank within Goldman Sachs).

Participants of the survey - Roughly 100,000 men and roughly 100,000 women.

The main points of discussion in the survey:

1. Women still outpace men in education but lag in seniority

2. Education: women continue to earn more post-secondary degrees than men

3. The seniority gap: the dearth of women at the top remains a key challenge

4. Is attrition the explanation?

5. The pay gap: prime working-age women still earn less than men

6. Educational choices and occupational sorting likely matter

7. A preliminary analysis of the gender pay gap in states with salary history inquiry bans.

Findings of the survey:

1. In the early 1960s fewer than half of prime working-age women were in the labour force; today, three quarters are.

2. Women’s participation has risen across nearly all age groups since the 1960s, and considerably more mid-career women remain in the labour force today than in the past.

3. Among people of prime working age, women now hold 55% of associate’s degrees, 53% of bachelor’s degrees and 56% of advanced degrees.

4. Men dramatically outpaced women in obtaining bachelor’s degrees in computer and information sciences and engineering.

5. Roughly similar numbers of men and women received bachelor’s degrees in the fields of social sciences, history and business.

6. Considerably more women than men earned bachelor’s degrees in the fields of biological or biomedical sciences, psychology, education and health.

7. Across the firms that have disclosed gender-diversity metrics for 2018, women on average constituted about 40% of all employees and 33% of managers – but just 5% of CEOs and 21% of directors.

8. Over the last five years, on average, in the healthcare, consumer discretionary and financials sectors, women have made up more than half of all employees but roughly 40% of managers and 4% of CEOs.

9. There is less than a 5-percentage point di?erential between the share of female employees and female managers in the real estate, utilities, materials, industrials and communication services sectors.

10. Women make up less than 30% of all employees and managers in utilities, materials and industrials.

11. A 25-year-old woman with at least an associate’s degree is only incrementally less likely (three percentage points) to be employed full-time than her male counterpart. But this likelihood increases as she grows older, and by her early 40s, the likelihood that she is not in the labour force is meaningfully higher (around 15 percentage points) compared to a man of the same age. This disparity begins to narrow once women reach their late 40s, but it never returns to the levels seen early on in women’s careers.

12. The wage gap among high earners – meaning among women and men in the 90th percentile – is the widest across income groups.

13. As early as age 25, women earn nearly 15% less than their male counterparts on average. The wage gap widens further with age: by 50, women earn around 25% less than do men of the same age.

14. In the US, on average, women make up 56% of workers in the 20 lowest-paid occupations, but only 29% of workers in the 20 highest-paid occupations.

15. The data show that women are considerably more likely to work in government jobs than are men but are far less likely to work in jobs in the computer field.

16. Early data suggest salary history inquiry bans may be helping to narrow the gender pay gap

17. Di?erences in industry and occupation account for roughly four percentage points of the aggregate 20% wage gap. Some of this is o?set by di?erences in education since women are better educated than men.

Gender imbalances in hiring play an important role in many industries. Men continue to be over-represented in corporate leadership positions and on corporate boards, as the data show, they hold the bulk of the decision-making authority today. This means that the gender gaps are unlikely to close without broad commitment and active participation by men and women alike.

Questions

1) The report was done by?

1. Standard chartered
2. Global markets
3. Goldman Sachs
4. Synchrony

2) What is the title of the study report?

1. 5 ways of achieving financial goals
2. Wealth expectancy report
3. technologies impacting retail
4. gender pay gap 2.0

3) What kind of services is provided by Goldman Sachs?

1. produces and distributes research products
2. Human resource
3. consumer financial services
4. Investment policies

4) Who did the survey?

1. Standard chartered
2. Global markets
3. Societe generale
4. synchrony
   

5) How many male participants were included?

1. 2,05,000
2. 1,50,000
3. 1,00,000
4. 1,00,500

6) How many female participants were included?

1. 1,00,000
2. 1,50,000
3. 1,75,000
4. 1,00,500

7) In today’s scenario, how many women are in the labour force?

1. ¼
2. ¾
3. ½
4. 3/5

8) More         women remain in the labour force today than in the past.

1. starting-career
2. mid-career
3. ending-career
4. none of the above

9) Women now hold           % of associate’s degrees?

1. 45
2. 62
3. 55
4. 23

10) Women now hold           % of bachelor’s degrees?

1. 62
2. 48
3. 75
4. 53

11) Women now hold          % of advanced degrees?

1. 56
2. 74
3. 82
4. 39

12) Women on average constituted about         % of all employees.

1. 52
2. 35
3. 12
4. 40

13) Women on average constituted about             % of managers.

1. 52
2. 40
3. 33
4. 67

14) Women on average constituted about          % of CEOs.

1. 5
2. 12
3. 2
4. 32

15) Women on average constituted about              % of directors.

1. 21
2. 50
3. 36
4. 49

16) As early as age 25, women earn nearly         % less than their male counterparts on average.

1. 23
2. 15
3. 40
4. 62

17) By the age of 50, women earn around        % less than do men of the same age.

1. 32
2. 25
3. 54
4. 46

18) In the US, on average, women make up          % of workers in the 20 lowest-paid occupations.

1. 23
2. 45
3. 56
4. 18

19) In the US, on average, women make up          % of workers in the 20 highest-paid occupations.

1. 16
2. 52
3. 67
4. 29

20) Di?erences in industry and occupation account for roughly         % of the wage gap.

1. 4
2. 5
3. 12
4. 7